School principals’ perceptions of potentially negative impacts of ChatGPT or similar tools on the work of students

Notes:

Standard error appear in parentheses (). Because of rounding some results may appear inconsistent. ICILS 2023 average is based on all non‐benchmarking participants that met sampling participation requirements except Romania.

† Met guidelines for sampling participation rates only after replacement schools were included.

1 National defined population covers 90% to 95% of the national target population. See Appendix A for further information.

2 Country surveyed target grade in the first half of the school year.

s indicates data are available for at least 50% but less than 70% of the students.

x indicates data are available for at least 40% but less than 50% of the students. Interpret with caution.