Participation and Accommodation Policies in IEA-Assessments: Patterns of Inclusion and Exclusion

International educational assessments are central to monitoring educational quality worldwide. However, little is known about which students are systematically excluded from these assessments and what accommodations are provided to those who participate. This study surveys national research coordinators of international assessments across 63 countries to examine how students with 17 different learning difficulties or support needs are included, excluded, and accommodated in international assessments.